история китайской письменности

中国文字的历史

Zhōngguó wénzì de lìshǐ

中国最早的文字是甲骨文。这些文字刻在动物的骨头上和乌龟的壳上。商朝的时候，国王用这些骨头和壳来占卜。甲骨文大约出现于公元前1250年到公元前1046年。

1899年，人们在河南省安阳市附近第一次发现了甲骨文。到现在，已经发现了超过十五万片甲骨文。这些文字记录了天气、战争、祭祀和国王的生活。

后来，中国的文字继续发展。周朝的时候，出现了大篆。大约在公元前827年，一个叫“周”的史官写了一本十五篇的书，讲述了大篆的写法。大篆的样本保存在石鼓上。石鼓是十个石头做的大鼓，上面刻着关于国王打猎的文字。这些石鼓在陕西省被发现。

中国文字历史上一个重要的变化发生在秦朝。秦始皇统一了中国，也统一了文字。他命令创造小篆。后来，又出现了隶书。隶书的字形更方便书写，所以一直用到了今天。

在古代，人们写字不是用纸，而是用竹简和木简。人们把竹片和木片用绳子连起来，再卷成卷。有时候，人们也在丝绸上写字。最古老的竹简和木简来自秦朝和汉朝。

生词表 (Словарь к тексту)

English Translation (Unedited Version)

History of Chinese Writing

The earliest traces of Chinese writing were found on oracle bones (甲骨文 jiǎgǔwén). These are inscriptions on animal bones and turtle shells, which were used for divination at the court of the rulers of the Shang dynasty (商 Shāng) around 1250–1046 BC .

The first inscriptions were found in 1899 near the city of Anyang (安阳 Ānyáng) in Henan province (河南 Hénán). In total, more than 150,000 fragments with texts about weather, wars, sacrifices and the lives of rulers were discovered .

Later, writing developed. In the Zhou era (周 Zhōu), the great seal style (大篆 dàzhuàn) appeared. Around 827 BC, a historiographer named Zhou created a book in 15 chapters describing this style. Examples of this writing are preserved on the stone drums — ten stone blocks with inscriptions about royal hunting, found in Shaanxi province (陕西 Shǎnxī) .

An important stage was the standardization of writing in the 3rd century BC under Qin Shihuang (秦始皇 Qín Shǐhuáng). Then the small seal style (小篆 xiǎozhuàn) was created, and later the clerical script (隶书 lìshū) appeared. This form of writing has been used until our time .

In ancient times, they wrote on bamboo and wooden slips (简牍 jiǎndú). They were connected with ropes and rolled into scrolls. Silk was also used. The oldest such texts belong to the Qin (秦 Qín) and Han (汉 Hàn) dynasties .